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PTSD as per Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders PDF Print E-mail
Written by Emma Ginn   
PTSD - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -  4th Edition [DSM-IV] (Published by the American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC, 1994)
A. The person has been exposed to a traumatic event in which both of the following are present.

  1. The person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat or physical integrity of self or others.
  2. The person‚s response involved intense fear, hopelessness, or horror. Note: In children, this behaviour may be expressed instead by disorganised or agitated behaviour.
 
B.   The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in one [or more] of the following ways;
 
  1. Recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of the event, including images, thoughts and perceptions. Note: In young children, repetitive play may occur in which themes or aspects of the trauma are expressed.
  2. Recurrent distressing dreams of the event. Note: In young children, there may be frightening dreams without recognisable content.
  3. Acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring including a sense of reliving the experience, illusions, hallucinations, and dissociative flashback episodes, include those that occur on awakening or when intoxicated.
  4. Intense psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolise or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.
  5. Psychological reactivity on exposure to internal or external cues that symbolise or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.                                                   
 
D.  Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness [not present before the trauma], as indicated by three [or more] of the following;
 
  1. Efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations associated with the trauma.
  2. Efforts to avoid activities, places, or people that arouse recollections of the trauma.
  3. Inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma.
  4. Markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities.
  5. Feelings of detachment or estrangement from others.
  6. Restricted range of effect [e.g., unable to have loving feelings]
  7. Sense of career, marriage, children, or a normal lifespan].


D.  Persistent symptoms of increased arousal [not before the trauma], as indicated by two [or more] of the following;

  1. Difficulty sleeping or staying awake.
  2. Irritability or outbursts of anger.
  3. Difficulty concentrating.
  4. Hypervigilance.
  5. Exaggerated startle response.
 
E.   Duration of the disturbance [symptoms in B, C, and D] is more than one month.
 
The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important arrears
Last Updated ( Tuesday, 01 January 2008 )
 
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